A KAUST-led study has revealed a unique microbial ecosystem in the Hatiba Mons hydrothermal vent fields of the Red Sea, first documented in 2023. Using genome-resolved metagenomics, the study reconstructed over 300 microbial genomes from five vent sites. The analysis showed an ecosystem dominated by microbes capable of iron, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon cycling, unlike most hydrothermal vents that are sulfur- and methane-based. Why it matters: The discovery provides new insights into microbial processes in extreme conditions, ocean resilience, and global carbon cycling, highlighting the interplay between geology and biology in the Red Sea.
KAUST researchers have found conclusive evidence that the Red Sea completely dried out approximately 6.2 million years ago. Using seismic imaging, microfossil evidence, and geochemical dating, they determined a massive flood from the Indian Ocean refilled it in about 100,000 years. The flood carved a 320-kilometer-long submarine canyon and restored marine conditions. Why it matters: This discovery provides insights into extreme environmental events and the Red Sea's unique geological history, distinguishing it from the refilling of the Mediterranean.
KAUST and the National Center for Wildlife (NCW) discovered an unexpected ecosystem deep below the Farasan Bank coral reef system in the Red Sea. The deep waters were inhabited by corals, fish, and other animals thriving in low oxygen and high acidity conditions. Creatures showed coping strategies like slower swimming and healthy coral growth despite conditions normally preventing calcification. Why it matters: The discovery highlights the Red Sea's significance as a natural laboratory for studying marine resilience to climate change, expanding our understanding of how marine life adapts to extreme conditions.
KAUST researchers have discovered how sea anemones recycle nitrogen waste, allowing them to thrive in nutrient-poor ocean environments. The study used laser microdissection and single-cell RNA-sequencing to analyze tissue-specific gene expression in Aiptasia. They found that anemones distribute glucose received from symbionts across tissues to recycle nitrogen waste. Why it matters: This research enhances understanding of coral reef ecosystems and their resilience, which is particularly relevant for Red Sea biodiversity and Saudi Arabia's environmental efforts.
KAUST researchers studied the meteorological origins of sea-level extremes in the Red Sea using computer simulations and the ADCIRC storm surge model. They validated their datasets with hourly sea-level observations from six tidal gauges along the Saudi coast. The study found that wind variations over the southern part of the sea are the main drivers of basin-wide sea-level extremes. Why it matters: This research provides critical insights for managing and developing the Red Sea coastline, including megacity projects and tourism, while mitigating their impact on the marine environment.
KAUST Ph.D. student Afrah Alothman is participating in the OceanX mission, exploring the Red Sea using advanced technology like manned submersibles. Alothman, also a mother of four, previously studied at King Faisal University and Dalhousie University, focusing on marine biology and climate change. She is the only Arab woman working on Phase 1 of the OceanXmission. Why it matters: This highlights KAUST's role in marine research and the increasing participation of Arab women in STEM fields, addressing critical environmental challenges in the region.
KAUST alumna Dr. Royale Hardenstine (Ph.D. '20, MS '15) is studying the movements and behavior of marine animals in the Red Sea, including whale sharks. Her Ph.D. research showed the connectivity of Red Sea whale sharks to the larger Indo-Pacific population and movements between aggregation sites. Now working as Protected Species Science Manager at The Red Sea Development Company, she monitors marine life in the Kingdom's future Special Economic Zones. Why it matters: This research is crucial for informing conservation efforts and mitigating the impact of coastal development on vulnerable marine species in the Red Sea.
KAUST scientists discovered a new brine pool in the Red Sea, named the Afifi pool, in collaboration with Saudi Aramco. The Afifi pool is the saltiest known in the Red Sea, six times saltier than surrounding seawater, and is located at a depth of 400 meters. Researchers used a variety of tools including Niskin bottles, an Idronaut CTD, and the Research Vessel Thuwal to characterize the pool's physical and chemical properties and sample its microbiology. Why it matters: This discovery facilitates understanding of the geochemistry and microbiology of extreme ecosystems, potentially aiding in the sustainable conservation of the Red Sea and offering insights into potential extraterrestrial environments.
KAUST postdoctoral fellow Daffne López-Sandoval's marine science research was inspired by Jacques Cousteau's ocean exploration documentaries. She joined KAUST in October 2016 after working at the Institute of Marine Sciences in Barcelona, drawn by the university's potential and opportunities for collaboration. At KAUST, her research focuses on developing new tools to measure microalgae productivity in the Red Sea. Why it matters: This research contributes to understanding the role of marine microbes in the Red Sea ecosystem and their impact on global CO2 sequestration.
KAUST researchers discovered that dust from the Middle East has a cooling effect over land and the Red Sea. Satellite data indicates dust concentration over the Red Sea is greater than over land, causing significant radiative cooling. The study, published in the Journal of Geographical Research, highlights the climatological dust radiative forcing over the southern Red Sea as the largest globally. Why it matters: Understanding the impact of regional dust on climate change and the Red Sea's ecosystem is crucial for environmental strategies in the Middle East.
Eva Aylagas Martinez, a postdoctoral fellow at KAUST's Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), studies changes in Red Sea communities using environmental DNA. She first visited KAUST during her Ph.D. as part of a collaboration with a European research project (DEVOTES). Her research is supervised by KAUST Professor Michael Berumen. Why it matters: This highlights KAUST's role in attracting international research talent to study critical environmental issues in the Red Sea, contributing to marine conservation efforts.
A KAUST-led study analyzing over 100 years of satellite data indicates that Red Sea surface temperatures may be cooling rather than rising due to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The research, utilizing KAUST's supercomputer Shaheen II, suggests a cooling phase in the coming decades that could temporarily counter global warming effects. The team collaborated with researchers from the University of Athens and the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, using data from NOAA, NASA, and the UK Met Office. Why it matters: The finding challenges assumptions about uniform warming trends and highlights the role of natural climate oscillations in modulating regional temperature changes, informing more accurate climate modeling and adaptation strategies for the region.
KAUST research scientist Dr. Ram Karan won two awards at the International Congress of Extremophiles 2018 for his work on extremozymes from Red Sea brine pools. His research focuses on understanding how life is possible under extreme conditions using culture-independent methods to evaluate the structure and function of polyextremophilic enzymes. Crystal structure analysis provided insights into how enzymes adapt to extreme conditions. Why it matters: This research provides insights into the possibilities of life in extreme conditions and has implications for astrobiology.
Professor Catherine McFadden of Harvey Mudd College discussed coral reef biodiversity at KAUST, noting that only about 10% of coral reef species have been described. Her research indicates that many Red Sea coral species are unique and not closely related to Indo-Pacific species as previously thought. Genetic analysis has revealed that species identification based on appearance alone is flawed, impacting conservation efforts. Why it matters: Understanding the genetic diversity of Red Sea corals is crucial for effective conservation strategies in the face of climate change and coral bleaching.
Dr. Roberto Arrigoni, a research scientist at KAUST's Red Sea Research Center, has been awarded the international "Benazzi Lentati" prize in zoology by L'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in Rome. The biennial prize is dedicated to young researchers under 35 in organismic evolutionary zoology. Arrigoni's research focuses on the systematics, phylogeny, and biogeography of scleractinian corals from the Indo-Pacific, particularly the Red Sea coral fauna. Why it matters: This award recognizes KAUST's contributions to marine biology and highlights the importance of Red Sea research on coral biodiversity.
KAUST Professor Carlos Duarte will receive the Blaise Pascal Medal from the European Academy of Sciences in October 2018 for his contributions to Earth and environmental sciences. Duarte is the Tarek Ahmed Juffali research chair in Red Sea ecology. He is involved in KAUST's Red Sea Research Center and supports Saudi Vision 2030 initiatives like The Red Sea Project and NEOM. Why it matters: The award recognizes KAUST's impact in environmental science and Duarte's role in aligning research with Saudi Arabia's development goals.
KAUST Professor Carlos Duarte has received the Carlo Heip Award for his contributions to marine biodiversity science. Duarte, director of KAUST's Red Sea Research Center, will receive the award in Montreal in May. Duarte is known for his work in biological oceanography and seagrass meadow ecology, contributing to blue carbon strategies. Why it matters: This award recognizes KAUST's leadership in marine ecological research and highlights the importance of Red Sea research for global conservation efforts.
KAUST researchers have conducted the first measurements of deep-sea corals in the Red Sea. They retrieved specimens of three different species at depths of 300-750 meters and temperatures exceeding 20 degrees Celsius. This discovery challenges the existing understanding that deep-sea corals are exclusive to cold-water environments. Why it matters: The research expands known ecosystem boundaries for deep-sea corals and demonstrates their resilience in warm, nutrient-poor waters, offering new insights into marine biodiversity and adaptation.
KAUST marine scientists, led by Dr. Michael Berumen, tracked 47 whale sharks near Al-Lith in the Red Sea using satellite tags. The study, published in PLOS ONE, identifies the area as a significant nursery for the species. The research provides valuable insights into the movement patterns of whale sharks. Why it matters: Understanding these patterns is crucial for effective conservation efforts for this vulnerable species in the Red Sea.
Isabelle Schulz, a postdoctoral fellow at KAUST's Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), was visited by her parents who drove over 9,000 kilometers from Germany to Saudi Arabia. Schulz's connection to the region dates back to her childhood in Riyadh and Algeria, where her father worked. She later joined KAUST after completing her Ph.D. in marine biology in Germany, inspired by her experiences in North Africa and the Middle East. Why it matters: This human interest story highlights KAUST's international environment and its appeal to researchers with roots in the Middle East.
A glider deployed by KAUST's Coastal and Marine Resources Core Lab (CMOR) completed 1,000 dives in the Red Sea. The dives, completed by November 22, 2015, are part of ongoing marine research at KAUST. The glider is maintained by Lloyd Smith, supervisor of marine electronics at CMOR. Why it matters: This demonstrates KAUST's commitment to environmental monitoring and research in the Red Sea, contributing to a better understanding of the region's unique marine ecosystem.