KAUST researchers are studying ancient supervolcanoes, like the Toba eruption 75,000 years ago, to understand current and future climate conditions. Volcanic eruptions serve as natural experiments that push the climate system to its limits, helping scientists understand climate's physical mechanisms. Research shows that volcanic eruptions delayed global warming by about 30% starting from 1850. Why it matters: Understanding the impact of volcanic activity on climate change can improve predictions of future global warming, particularly in regions like the Middle East which are strongly affected by volcanic events.
A team from KAUST's Earth Science and Engineering program visited the site of the ongoing volcanic eruption in Iceland, which began in August 2014. Researchers monitored ground movements related to a collapsing structure near the eruption site using GPS instruments to measure vertical ground displacements. They aim to compare these measurements with satellite radar data to quantify volume changes before, during, and after the eruption. Why it matters: This study exemplifies the application of KAUST's earth science expertise to understanding and monitoring significant geological events, contributing to hazard assessment and risk management in volcanically active regions.
Researchers at TII have had their lunar research accepted for publication in Nature Communications. The paper unveils hidden magmatic pathways beneath the Moon’s Oceanus Procellarum region using gravity mapping data from NASA's GRAIL mission. The research indicates various volcanic systems could be connected by horizontal magmatic conduits stretching up to 150 kilometers beneath the lunar surface, offering the first evidence of long-distance lateral magma transport on the Moon. Why it matters: The discovery enhances understanding of volcanic processes on the Moon and solidifies TII’s position in space and planetary sciences.
KAUST researchers have made the first direct observations of active hydrothermal vent fields in the Red Sea, specifically on Hatiba Mons. The total active area spans 1.6 km2, the largest reported globally, with vent temperatures around 40 degrees Celsius supporting thriving microbial communities. The observations, confirmed using remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs), build on over a decade of data collection. Why it matters: These findings provide insights into the Red Sea's unique biological and mineralogical resources, offering a model to study the evolution of life in extreme environments.
Geophysicists at KAUST are investigating the "doublet" earthquake phenomenon in Turkey, where two strong earthquakes of magnitude 7.8 and 7.7 occurred within nine hours of each other on separate faults. Researchers from the Crustal Deformation and InSAR Group and the Computational Earthquake Seismology research group are using satellite and seismic data to examine the earthquake rupture process. The National Center for Earthquake and Volcano monitoring (NCEV) of the Saudi Geological Survey contributes seismic recordings to the KAUST teams. Why it matters: Understanding such earthquake doublets is crucial for improving seismic hazard assessment and risk mitigation in the region and globally.
KAUST researchers collaborated on a study in Iceland that found a correlation between changes in groundwater composition and earthquakes greater than magnitude 5. The study, published in Nature Geoscience, observed variations in dissolved element concentrations and stable isotopes prior to seismic events in 2012 and 2013. Earthquake prediction remains a challenge with differing views among scientists about its feasibility. Why it matters: Understanding earthquake precursors could lead to improved risk mitigation strategies for urban infrastructure in seismically active regions across the Middle East.
Pascal Fua from EPFL presented an approach to implementing convolutional neural nets that output complex 3D surface meshes. The method overcomes limitations in converting implicit representations to explicit surface representations. Applications include single view reconstruction, physically-driven shape optimization, and bio-medical image segmentation. Why it matters: This research advances geometric deep learning by enabling end-to-end trainable models for 3D surface mesh generation, with potential impact on various applications in computer vision and biomedical imaging in the region.
KAUST held the Imaging and Active Tectonics of the Red Sea Region workshop, gathering over 20 international and 30 local researchers. The workshop aimed to improve understanding of seismicity, volcanism, and Earth structure in Saudi Arabia and the Red Sea region. Participants came from countries surrounding the Red Sea, as well as the US, UK, France, Brazil, and South Korea. Why it matters: The event fosters international collaboration and data exchange to better monitor and model seismic and volcanic activity in a geologically active region.