Hanin Ahmed, a KAUST Ph.D. graduate in plant science, is now an Ibn-Rushd Postdoctoral Fellow at The Centre for Anthropology and Genomics of Toulouse, France. Her Ph.D. research at KAUST focused on the population genomics and evolutionary history of fonio millet and einkorn wheat. One key finding was the influence of ethnic groups on the genetic diversity of fonio millet, and insights into wheat adaptation during early agriculture from einkorn wheat research published in Nature. Why it matters: This highlights KAUST's role in training researchers who are contributing to advancements in genomics and agriculture, with implications for crop improvement and understanding the impact of social factors on plant genetics.
Janet Kelso from the Max Planck Institute and Sudhir Kumar from Temple University discussed evolutionary biology in a KAUST Facebook Live interview. Kelso's research focuses on interactions between modern humans and Neanderthals, finding similarities in DNA and benefits for environmental adaptation. Kumar's work, highly cited, involves big data analyses in evolutionary biology. Why it matters: The interview highlights KAUST's engagement with international experts in bioinformatics and evolutionary biology, promoting interdisciplinary research and knowledge dissemination.
KAUST researchers are studying ancient supervolcanoes, like the Toba eruption 75,000 years ago, to understand current and future climate conditions. Volcanic eruptions serve as natural experiments that push the climate system to its limits, helping scientists understand climate's physical mechanisms. Research shows that volcanic eruptions delayed global warming by about 30% starting from 1850. Why it matters: Understanding the impact of volcanic activity on climate change can improve predictions of future global warming, particularly in regions like the Middle East which are strongly affected by volcanic events.
KAUST researchers are using AI to analyze satellite imagery for the automated detection of ancient stone structures in northwest Saudi Arabia, including mustatils (rectangular structures dating to the late 6th millennium BCE) and ruins in circular and triangular shapes. They developed a deep learning algorithm trained on manually identified datasets to isolate similar features over a wide area. The tool converts detected pixels into geodetic coordinates using GPS, assembling them into an online map and database. Why it matters: This project exemplifies computational archaeology, speeding up archaeological discoveries, promoting cultural heritage, and providing a methodology useful to other sectors of the economy.
Shozo Yokoyama, a biology professor at Emory University specializing in color vision evolution, was interviewed by KAUST. Yokoyama's lab identified amino acids regulating red-green and UV vision in vertebrates. He emphasizes the importance of young scientists developing fresh perspectives on evolution and learning directly from animals. Why it matters: While not directly an AI story, the piece highlights KAUST's broader research focus and its investment in attracting and showcasing international scientific expertise, relevant to building a strong research ecosystem.
KAUST researchers have found that the symbiotic relationship between corals and micro-algae is 100 million years older than previously thought, dating back 160 million years. The study suggests that corals have endured numerous climate change events due to their biological characteristics. Researchers developed an updated naming scheme using genetic techniques to identify different micro-algal symbionts. Why it matters: This discovery offers a glimmer of hope for coral survival in the face of modern global warming and enhances conservation efforts, while also modernizing coral symbiont taxonomy.
KAUST researchers have developed a genomic resource for Tausch’s goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii), a wild relative of wheat, by creating 46 high-quality genome assemblies. They compiled 493 genetically distinct accessions from an initial 900, collaborating with the Open Wild Wheat Consortium to select accessions with traits of interest, such as disease resistance and stress tolerance. Screening these assemblies helped identify rust resistance genes, including mapping a stem rust resistance gene to the Sr33 locus. Why it matters: This genomic resource will accelerate gene discovery in wheat, potentially improving modern wheat varieties and enhancing global food security.
KAUST researchers used cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to study the 3D structure of protein complexes involved in DNA replication and repair. They investigated the interaction between the Y-family TLS polymerase Pol K and mono-ubiquitylated PCNA. The study revealed that DNA binding is required for Pol K to form a rigid, active complex with PCNA. Why it matters: Understanding these structural interactions may provide insights into cancer development and drug resistance mechanisms.