KAUST researchers have developed a genomic resource for Tausch’s goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii), a wild relative of wheat, by creating 46 high-quality genome assemblies. They compiled 493 genetically distinct accessions from an initial 900, collaborating with the Open Wild Wheat Consortium to select accessions with traits of interest, such as disease resistance and stress tolerance. Screening these assemblies helped identify rust resistance genes, including mapping a stem rust resistance gene to the Sr33 locus. Why it matters: This genomic resource will accelerate gene discovery in wheat, potentially improving modern wheat varieties and enhancing global food security.
KAUST researchers have published a study in Nature Genetics detailing genomic analysis of wild rice relatives. The study examined nine tetraploid and two diploid wild relatives of rice, finding significant genetic diversity due to transposable elements. This diversity includes genes that confer resilience to heat, drought, and salinity. Why it matters: These findings can help improve rice yields, introduce rice cultivation to currently untenable regions, and protect rice crops against climate change, especially in the Middle East.
KAUST researchers have discovered the first molecular events that trigger wheat's immunity to stem rust, a devastating fungal disease. The study, published in Science, identifies that tandem kinases are bound together and inactive until a pathogen binds, initiating an immune response that kills the infected cell. This prevents the pathogen from spreading and causing widespread crop damage. Why it matters: Understanding these molecular mechanisms could lead to engineering wheat with stronger and more durable resistance to stem rust and other diseases, safeguarding a crucial food source in the face of climate change and emerging pathogens.
NYU Professor Michael Purugganan presented at KAUST's 2014 Winter Enrichment Program (WEP 2014) on the origins of crop species. He discussed how genome sequencing is improving our understanding of crop evolution, using date fruits collected in Jeddah as an example. His research on rice showed that two varieties, japonica and indica, share a single common ancestor, contrary to previous assumptions. Why it matters: Understanding crop evolution can help adapt crops to changing environments, which is crucial for food security in regions like the Middle East.
Hanin Ahmed, a KAUST Ph.D. graduate in plant science, is now an Ibn-Rushd Postdoctoral Fellow at The Centre for Anthropology and Genomics of Toulouse, France. Her Ph.D. research at KAUST focused on the population genomics and evolutionary history of fonio millet and einkorn wheat. One key finding was the influence of ethnic groups on the genetic diversity of fonio millet, and insights into wheat adaptation during early agriculture from einkorn wheat research published in Nature. Why it matters: This highlights KAUST's role in training researchers who are contributing to advancements in genomics and agriculture, with implications for crop improvement and understanding the impact of social factors on plant genetics.
A KAUST-led research team sequenced the first high-quality quinoa genome. This achievement may enhance our ability to feed the world's growing population. The research was conducted at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Why it matters: This breakthrough in genomics could lead to more resilient and nutritious crops, contributing to global food security efforts.
KAUST Professor Salim Al-Babili is working to improve crop performance and nutritional value, with a focus on pearl millet. He received a $5 million grant from the Gates Foundation in 2018 to combat the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica, which causes billions in losses annually in Sub-Saharan Africa. His team is developing hormone-based strategies to protect pearl millet from Striga infestation, a project spanning lab research to field trials in Saudi Arabia and Africa. Why it matters: This research addresses critical food security challenges in both Africa and the Middle East by developing practical tools for smallholder farmers, bridging the gap between lab discoveries and real-world applications.
KAUST's Professor Carlos Duarte contributed to sequencing the genome of Zostera marina (eelgrass), work published in Nature. The research identifies gene loss and adaptation mechanisms related to the plant's transition from land to marine environments. Eelgrass developed salt resistance, which could inform selective breeding for salt-tolerant food crops. Why it matters: Understanding the eelgrass genome can help in conservation efforts and provide insights into plant adaptation to climate change and marine environments.